There are a variety of different pre-filters. What they all have in common is that they prepare the water for the actual process.
Coarse filters:
Pure particle filters, e.g. sock filters, fleece filters, coarse filters for pressure application for ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis, micro filters for protecting adjustment valves.
Activated carbon filters:
For the removal of oxidants: protect reverse osmosis membranes.
Iron removal / demanganization:
protects membrane systems (UF, RO) from blockage
Antiscaling / hardness stabilization:
protects reverse osmosis plant from blockage
Softening:
Protects reverse osmosis systems and improves the recovery.
Disinfection:
protects filtration plants from bacterial growth
Ultrafiltration:
for raw water with a high particle load (e.g. seawater), UF protects reverse osmosis plants from premature membrane damage